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OBJECTIVE@#To establish a deep-learning architecture based on faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) algorithm for detection and sorting of red ginseng (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Rubra) with internal defects automatically on an online X-ray machine vision system.@*METHODS@#A Faster R-CNN based classifier was trained with around 20 000 samples with mean average precision value (mAP) of 0.95. A traditional image processing method based on feedforward neural network (FNN) obtained a bad performance with the accuracy, recall and specificity of 69.0%, 68.0%, and 70.0%, respectively. Therefore, the Faster R-CNN model was saved to evaluate the model performance on the defective red ginseng online sorting system.@*RESULTS@#An independent set of 2 000 red ginsengs were used to validate the performance of the Faster R-CNN based online sorting system in three parallel tests, achieving accuracy of 95.8%, 95.2% and 96.2%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The overall results indicated that the proposed Faster R-CNN based classification model has great potential for non-destructive detection of red ginseng with internal defects.
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Objective:Response surface methodology was used to optimize the optimal extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide and to study the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide.Methods:Supercritical CO 2 extraction method was used to extract polysaccharides from red ginseng. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction pressure on the extraction of polysaccharides from red ginseng were investigated. Box-behnken Design method was used to optimize the extraction process of red ginseng polysaccharide, and Logit method was used to calculate the semi-inhibitory concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide on DPPH clearance (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC 50). Results:The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 61.12 ℃, extraction pressure 20.64 MPa, extraction time 128.37 min, solid-liquid ratio 1∶25.61 g/ml, and the extraction yield of red ginseng polysaccharide was 36.89%. The results of three groups of repeatability tests showed that the relative error of polysaccharide yield of red ginseng was in the range of 5%. When the mass concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide was 25 μg/ml, it had better antioxidant activity and IC 50 was 10.97 μg/ml. Conclusion:The optimized extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide were reasonable and reliable, and the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide was strong, which could provide reference for the follow-up research.
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OBJECTIVE@#Mitophagy is known to contribute towards progression of Parkinson's disease. Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia, and recent studies have reported that KRG prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP@*METHODS@#SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with KRG for 24 h, and subsequently exposed to MPP@*RESULTS@#MPP@*CONCLUSION@#KRG effectively prevents MPP
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1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/toxicity , Apoptosis , Cell Line, Tumor , Mitochondria , Mitophagy , Panax , Reactive Oxygen SpeciesABSTRACT
Ginsenoside Ro decreased measures of inflammation, aging, oxidants and thrombus formation in a previous study. To measure ginsenoside Ro content in red ginseng from different years, an optimized extraction method was developed to determine ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Ro content by HPLC in 43 batches of red ginseng from different origins, growing years and manufacturers. The results indicate that the best extraction method was to ultrasonify a 1 g sample in 70% methanol for 50 min. The total running time of the optimized gradient was 50 min using a C18 core-shell column and was half the time described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2015 edition. The separation resolution of all of targeted compounds was greater than 1.6. The peak shape of ginsenoside Ro was optimal when the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% phosphoric acid. The content of ginsenoside Ro was in the range of 0.11% to 0.43%, and the average content was 0.26%, which was higher than that of ginsenoside Rg1 and Re. The ratio of ginsenoside Ro and Re as a threshold could be used to discriminate red ginseng from different growing years; in addition, 100%, 94.4% and 46.6% of red ginseng from six, five and four years exceeded the threshold of 1.3. Our optimized analytical method for characterization of red ginseng is convenient and shortens the assay time.
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Objective: To study the changes rule of active ingredients content and moisture status during the process of dry (drying/steaming) and rehydration (decoction), which could provide technical support for optimizing the dry/rehydration conditions of Chinese medicine and scientifically determine the end point of the process, and it also provides a new scientific perspective for exploring the differences in fresh/dry/processing of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods: Low-field NMR and imaging techniques (LF-NMR, MRI) were used to determine the change of water with time; The content changes of main composition of ginsenosides in different samples were determined by HPLC. Results: The results of determination of moisture and chemical composition showed that: The fresh ginseng was steamed for 180 min. At this time, the water was saturated, the ginsenosides tended to be stable, and the content of total ginsenosides was high. When fresh ginseng and red ginseng were dried at different temperatures for 12.5 h, they were not completely dried at 40 ℃ hot-air drying; The sun-dried ginseng still contained 3.02% water at 50 ℃ hot-air drying, and the red ginseng has been dried; Both of them have been dried at 60 ℃, but the content of total ginsenosides in ginseng and red ginseng was the highest at 50 ℃. The comprehensive results showed that ginseng and red ginseng were better at 50 ℃ hot-air drying. During rehydration (decocting), the moisture content of the decoction for 60 min was fully saturated and the content of total ginsenosides was higher, better than 30 min and 120 min, which was a better decocting condition. The moisture content and total ginsenosides content of fresh ginseng were higher than those of steaming/drying/decocting ginseng, suggesting that fresh ginseng is great significance for preserving and exerting the basic state of the initial pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion: In this study, ginseng was used as an example. LF-NMR/MRI and HPLC techniques were used to focus on the changes of moisture and chemical contents during the drying (drying, processing) and rehydration (decocting) of traditional Chinese medicines. It provides a new technical method for the determination of the dry/rehydration end point and the optimization of process conditions for traditional Chinese medicine, and also provides a new scientific basis for the interpretation and exploration of the theory of fresh/drying/processing of traditional Chinese medicine.
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BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or chronically relapsing, eczematous, severely pruritic inflammatory skin disorder. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been shown previously to exhibit diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects in a murine model. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of KRG on AD patients, to determine whether there was improvement in disease severity, skin barrier function, pruritus and sleep disturbance relief. METHODS: An open, noncomparative clinical study that utilized KRG tablets (500 mg/tablet) was conducted. This study included 41 patients with mild to moderate AD diagnosed by the Korean atopic dermatitis guidelines. Three visits to the hospital at days 1, 28±7, and 56±7 for evaluation were made. The effects of KRG were assessed by measuring eczema area and severity index (EASI) score, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the visual analogue scale (VAS), total amount of topical agents used in recent 8 weeks and investigator global assessment (IGA). RESULTS: Patients taking KRG tablets showed significant decreases in EASI score and TEWL, and the VAS of pruritus and sleep disturbance were significantly reduced. The amount of topical agents used was reduced but not by a statistically significant amount. IGA at the third visit showed improvement of AD compared to the second visit, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: KRG can be safely used as a health food to achieve clinical improvement of AD as well as improving overall quality of life, and has potential for further development.
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Humans , Clinical Study , Dermatitis, Atopic , Eczema , Immunoglobulin A , Panax , Pruritus , Quality of Life , Research Personnel , Skin , Tablets , WaterABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective mechanism of red ginseng extract(RG) on aging mice induced by D-galactose and the correlation between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). METHODS: Aging mice models were caused by D-galactose and randomly divided into control group, model group, RG low, medium and high dose (100, 200, 400 mg•kg-1) groups. The preparation of model and drug delivery, after 42 d, the mice were killed and determination of spleen index; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and brain tissue were measured. In serum, the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) were measured. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue. Real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the correlation of TNF-α, GPX1, GPX2, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 gene mRNA expression in brain tissue. RESULTS: The RG can enhance the spleen index, increase the activity of SOD in serum and brain tissue and AChE, CAT and GSH-PX in serum, decrease the content of MDA in serum and brain tissue, and decrease the content of iNOS in serum and the content of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in brain tissue. At the same time, it significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the brain tissue of mice, and increased the expression of GPX1, GPX2 and IL-10 mRNA in the brain tissue, and had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Concentrated solution of red ginseng extract could significantly exhibit anti-aging effects, its mechanism may be related to the TNF-α, GPX1, GPX2, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 expression in aging, enhancing immune function, and removing free radicals and inflammatory factor.
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Red ginseng exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-aging, anti-diabetics, anti- hypertensive, which can enhance cardiovascular function effects. However, the quality of red ginseng is uneven in the market, and causing trouble to consumer and industrial production. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative analysis is vital to guaranteeing the quality of red ginseng. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has been used for the identification, chemical content, and procedure control of red ginseng. However, beyond the existence of complex chemistry content and uncertainty pharmacological action of red ginseng, NIR model robustness is influenced by equipment, environment and nontarget component of sample itself, and primarily to limit its popularization and application of actual industry. How to optimize data acquisition and procession to improve signal to noise ratio and enhance prediction ability of model still needs to be studied.
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It has been reported that Korean red ginseng (KRG), a valuable and important traditional medicine, has varied effects on the central nervous system, suggesting its activities are complicated. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons of the hypothalamus has a critical role in stress responses and hormone secretions. Although the action mechanisms of KRG on various cells and systems have been reported, the direct membrane effects of KRG on PVN neurons have not been fully described. In this study, the direct membrane effects of KRG on PVN neuronal activity were investigated by using a perforated patch-clamp in ICR mice. In gramicidin perforated patch-clamp mode, KRG extract (KRGE) induced repeatable depolarization followed by hyperpolarization of PVN neurons. The KRGE-induced responses were concentration-dependent and persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, a voltage sensitive Na+ channel blocker. The KRGE-induced responses were suppressed by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (10 µM), a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, but not by picrotoxin, a type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist. The results indicate that KRG activates non-NMDA glutamate receptors of PVN neurons in mice, suggesting that KRG may be a candidate for use in regulation of stress responses by controlling autonomic nervous system and hormone secretion.
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Animals , Mice , 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione , Autonomic Nervous System , Central Nervous System , Glutamic Acid , Gramicidin , Hypothalamus , Medicine, Traditional , Membranes , Mice, Inbred ICR , Neurons , Panax , Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Picrotoxin , Receptors, GABA , Receptors, Glutamate , TetrodotoxinABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation can lower the seizure threshold and have influence on epileptogenesis. The components of red ginseng (RG) have anti-inflammatory effects. The abundance of peripherally derived immune cells in resected epileptic tissue suggests that the immune system is a potential target for anti-epileptogenic therapies. The present study used continuous electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of RG in intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy.METHODS: Prolonged status epilepticus (SE) was induced in 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice via stereotaxic injection of kainic acid (KA, 150 nL; 1 mg/mL) into the right CA3/dorsal hippocampus. The animals were implanted electrodes and monitored for spontaneous seizures. Following the IHKA injections, one group received treatments of RG (250 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks (RG group, n=7) while another group received valproic acid (VPA, 30 mg/kg/day) (VPA group, n=7). Laboratory findings and pathological results were assessed at D29 and continuous (24 h/week) EEG monitoring was used to evaluate high-voltage sharp waves on D7, D14, D21, and D28.RESULTS: At D29, there were no differences between the groups in liver function test but RG group had higher blood urea nitrogen levels. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that RG reduced the infiltration of immune cells into the brain and EEG analyses showed that it had anticonvulsant effects.CONCLUSION: Repeated treatments with RG after IHKA-induced SE decreased immune cell infiltration into the brain and resulted in a marked decrease in electrographic seizures. RG had anticonvulsant effects that were similar to those of VPA without serious side effects.
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Animals , Mice , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Brain , Electrodes, Implanted , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe , Hippocampus , Immune System , Immunohistochemistry , Inflammation , Kainic Acid , Liver Function Tests , Models, Animal , Panax , Seizures , Status Epilepticus , Temporal Lobe , Valproic AcidABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of water extract of red ginseng on asthmatic mice with airway inflammation.Methods Totally 75 BALB/c mice were selected,they were divided into normal group (Physiological saline equivalent),model control group (Physiological saline equivalent),low dose group (Water extract of red ginseng,100mg/kg),high dose group (Water extract of red ginseng,100mg/kg) and positive control group (Dexamethasone,0.5mg/kg) by random number table method.There were 15 mice in each group.In addition to the normal group,all the other groups successfully produced the asthmatic airway inflammation model in mice,and the corresponding treatment measures were given.Comparison of mice after the last challenge 24h in bronchoalveolar layage fluid (BALF) of various inflammatory cytokines and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE),Hydroxyproline content in lung tissue and pathological changes were observed in lung tissue of rats with HE.Results The model control group BALF interleukin interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-5 (IL-5),interleukin-14 (IL-14),transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1),Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),serum immunoglobulin E (IgE),hydroxyproline content in lung tissue were higher than the normal group (P ＜ 0.01).The levels of IL-4,IL-5,IL-14,TGF-β1,VEGF,IgE and Hydroxyproline content in lung tissue in the low dose group,the high dose group and the positive control group were lower than that in the model control group (P ＜ 0.01) in BALF.The levels of IL-4,IL-5,IL-14,TGF-β1,VEGF,IgE and hydroxyproline content in lung tissue in the high dose group of BALF were lower than those in the low dose group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The water extract of red ginseng can achieve the therapeutic effect by reducing the airway inflammatory reaction of the asthmatic mice model.
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Objective:To investigate the anti-fatigue phenomenon induced by forced swimming in the mice,and to explore the anti-fatigue effect of argininyl fructoyl glucose (AFG) from red ginseng in the mice and its mechanism.Methods:The AFG was extracted from red ginseng.The ICR mice were divided into blank control group,low dose of AFG group (100 mg · kg-1),middle dose of AFG group (200 mg · kg-1) and high dose of AFG group (400 mg · kg-1) (n=20).The mice mere given a forced swimming test after continuous gavage for 28 d.The weights,organ indexes,time of forced swimming,contents of lactic acid (LD),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),hepatic glycogen (Gly) and expressing levels of PGC-1α in gastrocnemius of the mice in various groups were detected.Results:Compared with blank control group,the weights and organ indexes of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups had no significant differences (P＞ 0.05).Compared with blank control group,the time of forced swimming,contents of Gly and expressing levels of PGC-1α of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with blank control group,The contents of LD and BUN in serum of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Conclusion:AFG has anti-fatigue effect in mice,and its mechanism may be related to energy metabolism.
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Objective:To investigate the anti-fatigue phenomenon induced by forced swimming in the mice,and to explore the anti-fatigue effect of argininyl fructoyl glucose (AFG) from red ginseng in the mice and its mechanism.Methods:The AFG was extracted from red ginseng.The ICR mice were divided into blank control group,low dose of AFG group (100 mg · kg-1),middle dose of AFG group (200 mg · kg-1) and high dose of AFG group (400 mg · kg-1) (n=20).The mice mere given a forced swimming test after continuous gavage for 28 d.The weights,organ indexes,time of forced swimming,contents of lactic acid (LD),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),hepatic glycogen (Gly) and expressing levels of PGC-1α in gastrocnemius of the mice in various groups were detected.Results:Compared with blank control group,the weights and organ indexes of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups had no significant differences (P＞ 0.05).Compared with blank control group,the time of forced swimming,contents of Gly and expressing levels of PGC-1α of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) in a dose-dependent manner.Compared with blank control group,The contents of LD and BUN in serum of the mice in low,middle and high doses of AFG groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Conclusion:AFG has anti-fatigue effect in mice,and its mechanism may be related to energy metabolism.
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Objective To investigate the effects of red ginseng saponin components A and B on 15 neurochemicals in rat plasma. Methods Saponin components A and B were prepared from red ginseng total saponin by macroporous adsorption resin. The composition and contents of saponin components A and B were detected using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS method. A total of 15 kinds of neurochemical substances such as dopamine (DA), adrenaline (E), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-hydroxytryptamine), tyrosine (Tyr), glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine (Gln), aspartic acid (Asp), taurine (Tau), serine (Ser), tryptophan (Try), acetylcholine (Ach), and histamine (His) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). Results By analyzing the intrinsic relationship between saponin composition and amount of neurochemicals, it was found that components A and B had significant differences in saponin composition, and the larger polar saponins were mainly concentrated in component A. The polar of saponin contained in B is relatively small. The levels of Ach, Tau, Glu, Gln, Asp, Tyr, E, NE, and DA in rat plasma of each dose group were increased, and the plasma levels of Gly, His, 5-HT, Ser, HIAA, and Try were significantly increased and positively correlated with the dose, suggesting that the larger polar saponins could increase the excitatory neurochemical content and the smaller saponin fraction inhibitory neurochemicals. Conclusion Red ginseng has a moderating effect on the content of central nervous system. The content of smaller polar saponins is related to the maintenance of brain activity, improvement of memory function, prevention of brain fatigue, maintenance of awakening and nervous system of anti-aging, while the larger polar saponin fraction is associated with the regulation of psychiatric rhythm, reduction of stress response and improvement of sleeping.
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Red ginseng is a well-known alternative medicine with anti-inflammatory activity. It exerts pharmacological effects through the transformation of saponin into metabolites by intestinal microbiota. Given that intestinal microflora vary among individuals, the pharmacological effects of red ginseng likely vary among individuals. In order to produce homogeneously effective red ginseng, we prepared probiotic-fermented red ginseng and evaluated its activity using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice. Initial analysis of intestinal damage indicated that the administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng significantly decreased the severity of colitis, compared with the control and the activity was higher than that induced by oral administration of ginseng powder or probiotics only. Subsequent analysis of the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α, inflammatory biomarkers that are increased at the initiation stage of colitis, were significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated groups in comparison to the control group. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and mRNAs for inflammatory factors in colorectal tissues were also significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated groups. Collectively, oral administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng reduced the severity of colitis in a mouse model, suggesting that it can be used as a uniformly effective red ginseng product.
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Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Administration, Oral , Colitis , Drug Therapy , Allergy and Immunology , Colon , Allergy and Immunology , Dextran Sulfate , Disease Models, Animal , Fermentation , Interleukin-6 , Allergy and Immunology , Lactobacillus plantarum , Metabolism , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Panax , Chemistry , Metabolism , Microbiology , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Metabolism , Powders , Metabolism , Probiotics , Metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
Quality by design principle was used as a guideline in this study to optimize ethanol reflux extraction of red ginseng. Firstly, hazard and operability analysis(HAZOP) was used as a risk assessment tool to evaluate the hazard degree of process parameters.Ethanol concentration, the ratio of alcohol and herbal material (A/M ratio), and extraction time were identified as the critical process parameters(CPPs) according to HAZOP method.Secondly, Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to establish theregression models between CPPs and the process indices. Finally, the design space was calculated. The recommended operation space of parametersis as follows：alcohol concentration of 90.3%-90.7%, A/M ratio of 2.5-3.1 mL•g ⁻¹ and extraction time of 124-130 min. The study shows that the design space approach combined with the risk assessment using HAZOP has the potential to reduce the risk of red ginseng extraction process, which might ultimately improve the process control..
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This study was designed to investigate the synergetic hepatoprotective effects from a mixture of Korean Red Ginseng and Pueraria Radix on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Liver toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal administration of CCl₄ (0.6 mg/kg) in 12 groups of ICR mice. The negative control group was given CCl₄ without test samples and the normal group was given no treatment. Among treatment groups, the RGAP treatment (Korean Red ginseng acetic acid extract : Pueraria Radix water extract, w/w, 38.4:57.6) decreased CCl₄-elevated ALT (101.60 IU/L), AST (833.89 IU/L), and LDH (365.02 IU/L) levels in the serum, and increased the SOD (11.03 unit/mg protein) and CAT (0.37 unit/mg protein) levels and the LPO levels (59.09 µM/g tissue) more than that in the mice group with CCl₄-induced control group hepatotoxicity. These results suggest that administration of a mixture of Korean Red ginseng and Pueraria Radix decreases CCl₄-induced liver damage and enhances antioxidant activity in mice and imply that administration of the mixture in a certain ratio is more effective than single administration of either Korean Red ginseng or Pueraria Radix alone.
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Animals , Cats , Mice , Acetic Acid , Carbon Tetrachloride , Carbon , Liver , Mice, Inbred ICR , Panax , Pueraria , WaterABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the influence of fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE) in the proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and the degradation of extracellular matrix(ECM)under high sugar stimulation, and to clarify the prevention and treatment effects of FRGE on diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the possible mechanism.Methods:The rat GMCs were cultured and divided into normal concentration of D-glucose (NG) group, high concentration of D-glucose (HG) group and high concentration of D-glucose plus different concentrations (3.75, 7.50, 15.00 mg·L-1) of FRGE groups. The proliferation rates of rat GMCs were detected with MTT,and the type Ⅳcollagen(Col Ⅳ) levels in supernatants of the GMCs were detected by ELISA. The protein expressions levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were detected with Western blotting m ethod.Results:Compared with NG group, the proliferation rate of GMCs in HG group was increased(P<0.01), the Col Ⅳ level was increased(P<0.01),the MMP-2 expression level was decreased, and the TIMP-2 expression level was up-regulated(P<0.01).Compared with HG group, the proliferation rates of GMCs in various FRGE groups were decreased(P<0.01), the Col Ⅳ levels were decreased(P<0.01),the expression levels of TIMP-2 were reduced(P<0.01),and the expression levels of MMP-2 were increased(P<0.01).Conclusion:FRGE can inhibit the proliferation of rat GMCs induced by high sugar and promote the ECM degradation to delay the occurrence and development of DN.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the antioxidant activity in vitro of neutral polysaccharides and its graded component from 3samples of white ginseng and red ginseng. METHODS:The decoction method was used to extract the crude polysaccharides fromwhite ginseng,100 ℃ and 120 ℃ processed red ginseng;the crude polysaccharides were further separated through ion exchangecolumn to extract neutral polysaccharides;Sephadex G-75 gels filter column was used to grade the neutral polysaccharides accordingto the molecular weight,antioxidant activity in vitro of 9 samples in 3 neutral polysaccharides and were detected by DPPH andOH free radical scavenging test and reduction capacity test(FRAP value),and vitamin C was used as positive control. RESULTS:The 3 neutral polysaccharides all obtained component Ⅰ and component Ⅱ after grading. Neutral polysaccharides and its gradedcomponent showed certain antioxidant activity in vitro in a certain concentration range,and increased by concentration increasing.The activity of neutral polysaccharides and component Ⅱ from 120 ℃ processed red ginseng was the strongest,of which 50% inhibitoryconcentration(IC50)on DPPH free radical was 0.258 g/L and 0.253 g/L,on OH free radical was 7.157 g/L and 6.845g/L,FRAP values were 2.8 and 3.0 mmol/L(when concentration was 1.2 g/L),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The antioxidant activityin vitro from 120 ℃ processed red ginseng is higher than that of 100 ℃ processed red ginseng and white ginseng,in whichcomponent Ⅱ makes important contribution to the antioxidant activity.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) extract on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with chemotherapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 60 patients with advanced NSCLC were divided into two groups using a random number table, i.e., the gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy alone group (26 patients) and the FRG + GP chemotherapy group (34 patients), for 60-day treatment. Patients were then assessed according to the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Chinese medicine symptoms score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung. In addition, chemotherapy toxicity and tumor biomarkers were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For NSCLC patients after chemotherapy, FRG extract significantly improved the FSI score, CM symptoms score, psychological status, physical conditions, and quality of life and reduced chemotherapy toxicity, but the expression levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragments, and neuron-specific enolase were not significantly different between the chemotherapy alone and the FRG + chemotherapy groups or between pre- and post-treatments.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study demonstrated that FRG extract had an adjuvant effect on advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size will verify the current findings.</p>